Zdr
lihr dw s`co-s`c
fw:
hrijMdr isMG idlgIr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
kuJ lyKkW v`loN BwvyN gdr lihr dw isrw 1913-14
nwl joiVAw jWdw hY pr ies dIAW jµmx-pIVW icrokxIAW purwxIAW hn[ pMjwb ivc imslW
vloN Kwlsw rwj kwiem kIqy jwx mgroN BwvyN A`DI sdI rxjIq isMG ny qy iPr AMgryzW
ny pMjwb qy kbzw krI r`iKAw, pr is`K kOm dI AwpxI hkUmq kwiem krn dI Duµn auvyN
hI kwiem rhI[ do vyly (G`ˆto G`t do vyly) ‘rwj krygw Kwlsw’ pVHn vwlI kOm “Aw^r
q^q ’qy bhygI Awp gurU dI &Oj” dw AYlwn-nwmw pUrw krn qoN kdy vI ip`Cy nhIN
sI muVnI[ ies g`l bwry AMgRyz pUrI qrW cOks sI[
is`K kOm dy ies AYlwn-nwmy ƒ Bulwaux vwsqy
AMgryzW ny pMjwb ivc is`KW ƒ &Oj ivc coKI qwdwd ivc BrqI kr ky im`Tw zihr
ipAwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ dUjw, AMgryzW ny lwielpur Aqy imMtgumrI qy hor nihrI
ielwikAW ivc zmInW dy ky, hrw ienklwb bIj ky qy qIjw, is`KW ivc jwgIrdwrI dI
bcI-KucI pIVHI ƒ imlvrqxIey bxwaux dI koiSS kIqI[ BwvyN ieho ijhIAW swizSW
AMgryzW ny GVIAW sn pr pMQ dI hkUmq krn dI Duµn hrigz m`Dm nhIN ho skI[
1857 dy Zdr dI golfn jublI ’qy 10 meI 1907 ƒ lMfn
dy kwkstn hwl ivc hoey iek smwgm ivc prdysI is`KW ny iek pYNPilt Cwp ky vµifAw[
ies dw hYifMg sI: ‘Kwlsw’ qy ies ivc AwiKAw igAw sI ik ‘Kwlsw jI AMgryz ƒ Kwlsy
dI srzmIN qoN k`Fx vwsqy j`dojihd leI iqAwr ho jwE[’
ienHIN idnIN hI BweI qyjw isMG msqUAwxw ny vI
XU.ky. ivc hwrvrf XUnIvristI ivc AMgryzW ƒ is`K mulk ivcoN k`Fx vwsqy pRwpygµfw
kr ky keI is`K j`dojihd vwsqy iqAwr kIqy[ ieh mwhOl, 50 swl pihlW Kusy rwj nUM
muV hwisl krn dIAW ^wihSW dw Aihsws izMdw krn ivc mddgwr hoieAw pr ieh iksy
v`fy AYkSn dw sbb nw bx sikAw[ auN\ ies nwl ieMglYNf, AmrIkw qy knyfw dy is`KW
ivc AwzwdI qy ^udmu^iqAwrI dI soc ny Awpxw Asr zrUr idKwauxw SurU kr id`qw sI[
vIhvIN sdI dy pihly dhwky ivc AmrIkw ivc bYTy kuJ
is`K mwlI p`KoN sOKy ho gey sn[ auh kuJ krnw locdy sn[ aunHW ny 1906 ivc pMdrW
hzwr fwlr ^rc ky vYnkUvr ivc iek gurduAwrw bxw ilAw sI[ ies mgroN is`KW ny pYsy
iek`Ty kr ky FweI l`K rupY nwl gurU nwnk mweIinMg kMpnI bxw leI sI[ ies dy nwl
hI pMJI hzwr fwlr dI rkm nwl eIgl hwrbr ivc 250 eykV zmIn ^rId leI qW jo gurU
nwnk klnI bxweI jw sky[ ies vyly qkrIbn ds hzwr is`K knyfw ivc kMm kr rky sn[
is`KW dI ies qr`kI ‘qy gory eIrKw krn lg pey[ aunHW ny qW iek vwr ieh vI plwn
kIqw ik eySIAnW nUM knyfw qoN bwhr k`iFAw jwvy qy ies skIm hyT aunHW nUM hWfUrs
Byjx dI skIm bxweI[ pr jdoN is`K numieMidAW sqnwgr isMG qy Swm isMG ny hWfUrs
dw dOrw kr ky hwlwq vyKy qW is`KW ny au~Qy jwx qoN nWh kr id`qI[
1912 ivc ie`QoN dy is`KW ny pMjwb dy is`KW ny
ividAw dy nwl-nwl AwzwdI qy ZulwmI dw &rk idKwaux vwsqy iek pRwjYkt soicAw[
aunHW ny BweI jvwlw isMG T`TIAW, BweI sµqoK isMG, bwbw ivswKw isMG vZYrw dI
AgvweI hyT 15 &rvrI 1912 dy idn stwktn ivc mIitMg kIqI qy ies jdojihd dy
ih`sy vloN pMjwb ’coN ku`J nOjvwnW ƒ AmrIkw ivc pVHweI krn vwsqy iqAwr krn leI
Cy vzIPy jwrI krn leI &µf iek`Tw kIqw[ ies &µf ivc isrP is`KW ny hI
ih`sw pwieAw Aqy kYnyfw qy AmrIkw ivc bYTy AmIr ihMdUAW ny kwxI kOfI q`k vI
dyxoN nWh kr id`qI[ pr jdoN vzIiPAW vwsqy dr^wsqW pu`jIAW qW swry dy swry ihMdU
hI sn[
auDr kYnyfw ivc is`K AwvwsIAW dy pirvwrW dy dw^ly
’qy pwbMdIAW l`gIAW hoeIAW sn[ AMgryzW ny kwnUMn bxw id`qw sI ik isr& auh
S^s hI knyfw Aw skdw hY ijhVw Awpxy mulk qoN is`Dw jhwz ’qy AwieAw hovy qy ijs
kol Cy sO fwlr vI hox[ cIn qoN qW is`Dy jhwz AwauNdy sn pr klk`qw jW bMbeI qoN
nhIN[ ies kr ky 1911 qy 1913 ivckwr sqwrW hzwr cInI qW t`brW sxy knyfw Aw vsy
pr is`KW dw rwh bMd ho igAw[ hor qW hor eyQy rihMdy is`KW dy t`brW (pqnIAW qy
b`icAW) nUM vI knyfw Awaux dI iejwzq nhIN sI[
auN\ ieh vI AMgryzW dI is`KW nwl v`fI izAwdqI sI[
auh is`KW qoM mdd lY ky vI is`KW nwl hI D`kw rkdy sn[ knyfw ivc kMm kr rhy
is`KW ivcoN 90% ibRitS &Oj vwsqy lV cuky swbkw &OjI hI sn[ cIn dy bksr
AYkSn ivc ibRitS &Oj dIAW 18 kMpnIAW ByjIAW geIAW sn qy ienHW ivcoN 16
is`KW dIAW sn[ Xwin ijnHW is`KW ny AMgryzW dI mdd kIqI sI aunHW ’qy pwbMdIAW qy
ijnHW ny AMgryzW dyi^lw& jMg lVI sI aunHW nUM knyfw Awaux dI KulH[ AjIb
iensw& sI goirAW dw!
is`KW qy hor pMjwbIAW ny ies dy i^lw&
j`dojihd krn dw &Yslw kIqw[ pr ies j`dojihd vwsqy, swrI dI swrI lVweI, is`KW
ny, is`K jQybµdIAW ny Aqy gurduAwirAW ny kIqI[ Kwlsw dIvwn suswietI (kYnyfw) dI
srpRsqI hyT BweI qyjw isMG, fw: suµdr isMG, rwjw isMG bwVIAW qy hornW ny coKI
imhnq kIqI[ pMjwb ivc vI Kwlsw sBw pUhlw (lwhOr) ny 23 jUn 1912 ƒ kYnyfw srkwr
dy is`KW nwl D`ky dy i^lw& ros mqw pws kIqw[ gvwlIAr qy iSmlw dIAW isMG
sBwvW ny vI Aijhy mqy pws kIqy[ lwielpur dy sµq isMG ny vI ies j`dojihd ivc
ih`sw pwieAw[ jnvrI 1913 ivc kYly&ornIAw qoN bwbw jvwlw isMG, Kwlsw dIvwn
suswietI (kYnyfw) dy s`dy qy auQy gey[ &Yslw hoieAw ik jvwlw isMG, nMd isMG
(AmrIkw), blvµq isMG (grµQI) qy nrwiex isMG i&lOr (mIq grµQI) kYnyfw qoN
fYpUtySn lY ky ieMglYNf jwx[ nMd isMG (AmrIkw), blvµq isMG (grµQI) qy nrwiex
isMG 14 mwrc 1913 nUM ieMglYNf vI gey pr koeI suxvweI nw hoeI[ iPr ieh pMjwb dy
gvrnr ƒ imlx vwsqy iSmly vI Awey[ gvrnr pMjwb nwl mulwkwq vyly BweI blvµq isMG
ny aus (gvrnr) ƒ izAwdw hI burw Blw AwK id`qw[ ies nwl g`lbwq isry nw cVH skI[
ies mgroN iSmlw ivc is`KW ny iek jlsw vI kIqw[ ies ivc suMdr isMG mjITw vI
boilAw[ pr AMgryzW ’qy koeI Asr nw hoieAw[ fYpUtySn inrws ho ky vwips clw igAw
qy au~Qy jw ky AYjItySn krn dw &Yslw kIqw[
ies swrI kwrvweI ivc isr& qy isr& is`K hI
sn ikqy vI koeI ihMdU nzr nhIN sI AwauNdw[ ies swrI j`dojihd dw v`fw sYNtr
vYnkUvr dw gurduAwrw sI[ auN\ hWgkWg, isMGwpur, cIn ivc vI ies soc dy lok
kwrvweIAW kr rhy sn[ AMgryzI srkwr dIAW 1914 dIAW ^u&IAw &weIlW muqwibk
kYnyfw dy is`KW dw mslw isr& mukwmI nhIN sI[ ies dy ip`Cy iek pUrI dI pUrI
AxAYlwnI bwZIAwnw, pr ^u&IAw, lihr c`l rhI sI[
AMgryzW ny iek jpwnI, ijs dw nW ‘hsn hqwno’ sI, ƒ
is`KW ivc jwsUsI krn vwsqy C`ifAw hoieAw sI[ iek pwsy qW auh is`KW ƒ aunHW dy
pYN&ilt qy hor sm`grI jpwnI ivc qrjmw kr ky idAw krdw sI qy aunHW ivc
‘is`KW dw dosq’ bx ky rihMdw sI qy dUjy pwsy auh swrI irport vI AMgryzW ƒ dy
idAw krdw sI[ 1914 ivc aus ny AMgryzW qoN 200 Xyn (jpwnI krµsI) irSvq lY ky
d`isAw ik is`K bwZIAW dy pRwpygMfy dy iqMn muK irMg lIfr hn: (1) s. eISr isMG
Tykydwr, johor, mlwieAw (mlySIAw) (2) fwktr Twkr isMG iekolwhw (kWtn-kOlUn
rylvy, kWtn, cIn), (3) sYktrI is`K tYNpl (1866 sYkµf AYvyina,U vYnkUvr,
kYnyfw)[ hsn hqwno ny 500 is`K vrkrW dy AYfrYs vI corI kr ky AMgryzW ƒ vycy sn
{hom-pulItIkl &weIlW, Agsq 1914 PweIl nM: 7-16, ibRitS lwiebryrI, kwmnvYlQ
irkwrfz lMfn qy nYSnl AwrkweIvz id`lI}[ iesy qrHW AmrIkw ivc isAwtl ivc ies
lihr dy v`fy Qµm sohn isMG Bknw, aUDm isMG ksyl Aqy hrnwm isMG sn[
AMgryzI srkwr dIAW ^u&IAw irportW muqwibk ieh
lihr is`KW vloN AwpxI guAwcI ^udmu^iqAwrI hwisl krn dI KwihS dw nqIjw sI qy ies
dy v`fy kwrkuµn qy pYsy dyx vwly swry dy swry is`K hI sn[ ZYr-is`K, XwnI
hridAwl, prmwnMd vgYrw, ny qW pVHy-ilKy hox kr ky is`KW nUM g`lW ivc Brmw ky,
ies lihr dI lIfriSp qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ (mgroN iehnW dohW, hridAwl qy prmwnMd,
ny AMgryz srkwr qoN muAw&IAW mMg leIAW sn)[ pr dUjy pwsy is`KW ƒ ShIdIAW, jylHW
qy jurmwinAW dy ienwm imly sn[
Zdr pwrtI dw bxnw
AmrIkw,
kYnyfw, cIn, hWgkWg, isMGwpur vgYrw ivc bYTy mulk-drdI isMGW dI AzwdI dI qihrIk
jdoN bulMdIAW vl vDx l`gI qW hridAwl vrigAW ny ies qihrIk dI “hweIjYikMg” krn
dI swizS GVI[ ies swizS dw sB qoN pihlw ih`sw sI Boly Bwly is`KW ƒ pMjwb dI jgh
ihMdUsqwn dI AwzwdI vwsqy aukswauxw[ ies soc nwl, hridAwl vrigAW ny, 31 mwrc
1913 ƒ, brweIfl vyl (Erygwn), AmrIkw ivc hoeI iek bYTk kr ky ‘ihMdI AYsosIeySn’
bxw ky aus ivc cwr ku is`KW ƒ AhuidAW dI imSrI cKw id`qI[ pr ies dI Asl lIfriSp
hridAwl kol hI rhI[ ies jmwq v`loN pihlI nvµbr 1913 ƒ ‘Zdr’ nW dw prcw vI jwrI
kr id`qw igAw[
CyqI hI ies dIAW brWcW iSMGweI (suµdr isMG, fw:
mQrw isMG, ivswKw isMG ddyhr qy s`jx isMG dI AgvweI hyT), hWgkWg (fw: Twkr isMG
iekolwhw dI AgvweI hyT qy bwAd ivc igAwnI Bgvwn isMG dI AgvweI hyT, qy mgroN
BweI hrnwm isMG qy BweI ibSn isMG vI), i&lpweInz, isAwm (QweIlYNf), pnwmw
Aqy hor keI mulkW ivc vI kwiem ho geIAW[ aupr ilKy AwgUAW qoN ielwvw sohx isMG
Bknw, hrnwm isMG kwlw sµGw, hrnwm isMG tuµfIlwt, krqwr isMG ltwlw, inDwn isMG
cu`Gw, jvwlw isMG T`TIAW, sµqoK isMG vZYrw vI ies qihrIk ivc Swiml sn[
Zdr pwrtI ny plwinMg iqAwr kIqI ik AMgryzW ƒ
pVwA-vwr ipCwV ky mulk Azwd krvwieAw jwey[ ies mksd vwsqy iek lMmI plwn iqAwr
kIqI geI[ plwn muqwibk sB qoN pihlW AMgryzW qoN pMjwb ƒ Azwd krwieAw jwxw sI qy
ieh swrw Gol hiQAwrbµd hoxw sI[ pMjwb qoN bwAd kSmIr qy iPr sYNtrl ieMfIAw vl
kUc kIqw jwxw sI[
Zdr dI plwinMg
BwvyN ies plwinMg dw pUry dw pUrw KrVw qW nhIN
imldw; pr AMgryzW dIAW ^u&IAW &weIlW ivc pey hoey iek ^q qoN ies dw iek
ih`sw iml jWdw hY[ ieh Kq kWtn (cIn) qoN fw: Twkr isMG iekolwhw ny 17 nvµbr
1914 ƒ igAwnI Bgvwn isMG ƒ iliKAw sI, ijhVw hWgkWg ivc sYNsr ny puils dy hvwly
kr id`qw sI (nqIjy vjoN fw: Twkr isMG igR&qwr ho igAw Aqy 4 swl jylH vwsI
bixAw irhw)[ ies ^q muqwibk jnvrI 1915 ivc gurU goibMd isMG swihb dy jnm idn
’qy pMjwb ivc swry pwsy hiQAwrbµd ZdrI Awpo AwpxIAW qihsIlW, QwixAW qy izilAW
ivc AMgryzW ƒ kql kr ky ienklwbI syvwdwrW ƒ qwienwq kr dyxgy[ &Oj ivc
pihloN hI iqAwrI ho cu`kI hovygI[ ies qrHW cu`pcwp pMjwb ’qy kbzw ho jwvygw[
aus vyly AMgryzI &Oj jrmnI nwl jµg ivc ru`JI hox kr ky bhuqI ihljul nhIN kr
skygI[ ieh swrI kwrvweI ieko idn ieko vyly swry pMjwb ivc SurU hoxI sI[ ^q
muqwibk luiDAwxw izly dw cwrj fw. Twkr isMG iekolwhw ny ilAw hoieAw sI[
{sI.AweI.fI. dy fwierYktr dI vIklI irport 15-6-1915, hom pulItIkl &weIl
nMbr 549-552, nYSnl AwrkweIz id`lI}[
pr
hridAwl vrgy ihMdU AwgUAW ƒ ieh mnzUr nhIN sI[ hridAwl qy gdr lihr dI lIfriSp
dy hor ihMdU AwgU ieh nhIN sI cwhuµdy ik pihloN pMjwb Azwd ho jwvy[ auh is`KW
(qy muslmwnW) ƒ hkUmq dyx leI iqAwr nhIN sn[ so aunHW ny ies Zdr ƒ qwrpIfo krn
dI swizS GVI[ ienHW ny is`K juJwrU ZdrIAW ƒ BrmwieAw ik pihlW iek nukr qoN SurU
kIqw jwvy, XwnI &rµtIAr sUbw qy kSmIr ƒ Awzwd krwieAw jwvy[ hYrwnI vwlI g`l
ieh sI ik ies lihr ivc auprly dohW sUibAW dw koeI vI bµdw Swiml nhIN sI Aqy
dUjy pwsy 90 &IsdI is`K ies qihrIk ’c jUJ rhy sn[ ies swizS dw mqlb sw&
sI ik gdr lihr ƒ qwrpIfo kr id`qw jwey[ ieh swizS iblkul 1907 vWg hI sI jdoN
AjIq isMG qy lwjpq rwey ny ikrswnI lihr dI AgvweI sµBwlI qy lwjpq rwey mgroN
muAwPI mMg ky Gr bYT igAw pr AjIq isMG 1947 q`k jlwvqn irhw qy 40 swl srzmIN qy
pYr nw r`K sikAw[ so ies hrkq nwl hI gdr lihr dI nwkwmXwbI dw mu`F b`J jWdw hY[
kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz
gdr pwrtI vloN ienklwbI AYkSn 1924-25 ivc krn
vwsqy iqAwrI kIqI jw rhI sI, pr jµg SurU ho jwx dI vjwh kr ky ies dI qwrIK
AgwaUN kr ky 1917 ’qy lY AWdI geI[ ies ivckwr hI kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz vwlI Gtnw ho
geI[ aunHW idnW ivc knyfw srkwr ny iek nvW kwnUMn pws kIqw sI ik isr& is`Dy
knyfw pu`jx vwly muswi&rW nUM hI knyfw ivc auqrn Aqy rihx dI iejwzq imlygI[
ies msly nUM h`l krn vwsqy guridq isMG srhwlI (AMimRqsr) ny iek jpwnI smuMdrI
jhwz kwmwgwtwmwrU drAsl ies dw nW kOmwgtw mrU sI)ikrwey ’qy lY ilAw qW jo
kwnUMnI AiV`cx nUM dUr kIqw jw sky[ ieh jhwz 29 mwrc 1914 ƒ is`Dy kYnyfw
phuµcxw sI[ pr rsqy ivc dyr hox kwrn ieh jhwz 22 meI 1914 ƒ vYnkUvr phuµicAw[
kYnyfw dy nslI hwkmW ny ieM\ is`Dy pu`jy muswi&rW ƒ vI auqrn dI iezwzq nw
id`qI[ kw&I lMbI jdojihd mgroN vI jdoN iezwzq nw imlI qW is`K vI ft gey[
kYnyfw dy hwkmW ny jhwz ’qy PwieirMg krn dI DmkI id`qI[ ies dy jvwb ivc kYnyfw
dI is`K sµgq ny 21 julweI 1914 ƒ vYnkUvr dy gurduAwry ivc iek iek`T kIqw qy mqw
pws kIqw ik jy kr jhwz ’qy golI clweI geI qW is`K vYnkUvr Sihr ƒ swV ky suAwh kr
dyxgy[
is`KW dy ies AYlwnnwmy ’qy srkwr fr geI[ hux
srkwr ny is`K AwgUAW nwl muV ky g`lbwq kIqI[ jhwz ivcly is`K vI iek hor nvyN
bxy kwnUMn dI cwlwkI dy i^lw& t`kr lYx dI bjwey vwips pMjwb muVn vwsqy rwzI
ho gey[ knyfw srkwr ny vI jhwz ƒ qyl qy Kwx pIx dw smwn lYx dI iezwzq dy id`qI[
A^Ir 23 julweI ƒ jhwz klk`qy nUM vwips muV ipAw[ do mhIny dy s&r mgroN jhwz
26 sqµbr 1914 ƒ iklpI phuµicAw[ au~Qy ies dI pUrI qlwSI leI geI[ 29 sqµbr ƒ
jhwz klk`qw nyVy bjbj Gwt ivKy p`uijAw[
ie`Qy ieh izkr kr dyxw zrUrI hY ik jdoN jhwz
kYnyfw qoN klk`qw dy rwh ivc hI sI qW AMgryz srkwr ny do nvyN AwrfInYNs jwrI kr
id`qy sn[ pihlw AwrfInYNs ‘gYr mulkI AwrfInYNs’ 29 Agsq 1914 ƒ jwrI hoieAw sI
qy dUjw ‘iengrY`s ieMtU ieMfIAw AwrfInYNs’ kuJ idn mgroN[ ienHW dohW AwrfInYNsz
hyT Bwrq ivc dwi^l hox vwly iksy vI SKS ƒ ibnW vjh d`sy ihrwsq ivc ilAw jw skdw
sI[
bjbj Gwt dw swkw
29
sqµbr 1914 ƒ jdoN kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz bjbj Gwt phuµicAw qW iek spYSl g`fI
muswi&rW ƒ au~QoN pMjwb iljwx vwsqy A`gy KVI sI[ muswi&rW ny ies ivc
bYTx qoN nWh kr id`qI Aqy auh gurU grµQ swihb dI AgvweI ivc klk`qw dy bVw bwzwr
vwly gurduAwry vl jlUs bxw ky tur pey[ ies ’qy puils ny muswi&rW ’qy golI
clw id`qI[ ies &wieirMg ivc 15 muswi&r mwry gey[ mgroN puils ny
muswi&rW ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw[ ies dOrwn bwbw gurid`q isMG sxy 30 is`K
&rwr hox ivc kwmXwb ho gey[
kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz dy swky ny pMjwb qy ivdySW ivc
bYTy is`KW ivc coKw roh pYdw kIqw[ ies nwl Zdr lihr ƒ hor vI qwkq imlI[
isr& cI& Kwlsw dIvwn qy kWgrs pwrtI ny hI iehnW is`KW dI mu^wl&q
kIqI[ ieh vI crcw sI ik Akwl q^q swihb qoN ienHW is`KW dy i^lw& iek AKOqI
hukmnwmw jwrI kIqw igAw sI[ pr iksy vI A^bwr, irport jW somy 'coN ieh
‘hukmnwmw’ nhIN imldw[ ieh vI ho skdw hY ik q^q swihb dy pujwrI ArUV isMG ny
ies sbMDI koeI ibAwn jwrI kIqw hovy, ijs qoN hukmnwmy vwlw crcw iCV ipAw
hovygw[ hW, AkwlI morcy qy J`br muqwibk drbwr swihb ’qy kbzy vwly idn (12
AkqUbr 1920) Aqy mgroN Aqy is`K lIg dy dIvwn ivc ArUV isMG dI ies kwrvweI dI
inMdw zrUr kIqI geI sI[
BweI Bwg isMG, bqn isMG qy myvw
isMG lopoky dIAW ShIdIAW
kwmwgwtwmwrU jhwz dy jwx mgroN knyfw dy AMgryz
hwkm is`KW nUM iksy nw iksy FMg nwl szw dyxw cwhuMdy sn[ aunHW nUM BweI Bwg
isMG (iB`KI ivMf), BweI blvMq isMG (gRMQI), BweI bqn isMG (dlyl isMG vwlw),
BweI suMdr isMG (bwVIAW) qy hrnwm isMG swhrI vDyry cuBdy sn[ AMgryzW ny is`KW
dy i^lw& pulIs qy ^u&IAw mihkmy ivc iek sY~l kwiem kIqw hoieAw sI ijs
dw ieMcwrj iek AMgryz hwpiknsn sI jo ieMtYlIjYNs mihkmy dw iek A&sr sI (auh iek ihMdU mW qy gory
bwp qoN hox ky kuJ-kuJ pMjwbI vI smJ skdw sI)[ aus ny bylw isMG ijAwx, bwbU
isMG, hrnwm isMG (imlsweIf gurduAwry dw iek swbkw gRMQI jo bwbU isMG dy nwl
ieko kmry ivc rihMdw sI), Arjn isMG qy iek do hor pMjwbI Awpxy eyjMt bxwey hoey
sn[ 31 Agsq 1914 dy idn hrnwm isMG dI lwS imlI; iksy ny aus dw isr v`F ky lwS
jMgl ivc su`t id`qI sI (crcw sI ik ieh AYkSn jgq isMG surisMG, swizS kys vwlw
nhIN, dw sI); ieh hrnwm isMG 17 Agsq qoN hI Zwieb sI[ ikauN ik puls nUM kwqlW
dw pqw nw l`gw ies kr ky ZdwrW dy hOsly brU qrHW ifgy sn[ ZdwrW dI bdiksmqI ik
3 sqMbr nUM, Apxy hI iek dosq, rwm isMG h`QoN ZlqI nwl golI cl jwx kwrn Arjn
isMG vI mwirAw igAw[ hux bylw isMG is`K AwgUAW ‘qy vwr krnw cwhuMdw sI[
5 sqMbr idn aus dy sskwr mgroN is`K gurduAwry ivc
bYTy sI qW bylw isMG ny Bwg isMG (iB`KI ivMf, izlHw AMimRqsr) ’qy golIAW
clweIAW[ aus dy bcwA vwsqy bqn isMG (dlyl isMG vwlw, izlHw mwnsw) A`gy AwieAw[
bylw isMG ny aus ’qy vI &wier kr id`qw[ auh dovyN Agly idn cVHweI kr gey[
BwvyN srkwr ny bylw isMG ’qy muk`dmw clwieAw pr ieh idKwvy dI kwrvweI sI[ bylw
isMG dy h`k ivc mukwmI ihMdUAW bwbU, Twkr, syvw, Amr, n`Qw, gMgU rwm qy fw: rGU
nwQ qoN ielwvw hwpiknsn s&weI dy gvwh vjoN pyS hoieAw qy ienHW do kqlW nUM
Awpxy bcwA vwsqy kIqy kql grdwinAw[
ieh swrI skIm qy kwrvweI hwpiknsn dI sI[ ieh D`kw
vyK ky BweI myvw isMG lopoky jr nw sikAw qy aus ny hwpiknsn nUM szw dyx dw
&Yslw kIqw[ 21 AkqUbr 114 dy idn jd hwpiknsn Adwlq ivc bylw isMG dy h`k ivc
gvwhI dyx vwsqy pu`jw hoieAw sI qW myvw isMG ny aus nUM au~Qy hI golIAW mwr ky
mwr id`qw[ myvw isMG nUM 11 jnvrI dy idn &WsI id`qI geI[
ZdrI kwrvweIAW
Zdr pwrtI ny Awpxw AYkSn Ajy 5-7 swl Tihr ky krnw
sI pr brqwnIAw qy jrmnI ivc jµg 28 julweI 1914 ƒ SurU ho geI[ ies kr ky Zdr
AwgUAW ny Awpxw AYkSn AYfvWs krn dw &Yslw kr ilAw[ swry ZdrI AwgU Awpo
Awpxy ipMfW ƒ c`l pey[ Zdr AKbwr dy 4 Agsq 1914 dy prcy ivc ZdrI AwgUAW vloN Awpo-Awpxy
ipMfW ivc phuµcx bwry ApIl CwpI geI sI[ Agsq ivc hI pwrtI dI pihlI tolI (krqwr
isMG srwBw, hrnwm isMG tuµfIlwt vgYrw) pMjwb vwsqy cwly pw geI[ ies qoN ip`CoN
v`fw jQw, ijs ivc 70 ZdrI sn, AYs.AYs. korIAw jhwz rwhIN, 29 Agsq ƒ
swn&rWissko qoN cl ipAw[ ies qoN bwAd, qkrIbn 8 hzwr ZdrI vrkr, prdysW
ivcoN pMjwb vl tury[ mu^brW ny ienHW dy c`lx bwry pihlW qoN hI irportW srkwr ƒ
dy id`qIAW sn[ ies kr ky srkwr ny mulk ’c dwi^l hox vwilAW ƒ ihrwsq ivc lYx
vwsqy do AwrfInYNs jwrI kr id`qy gey sn[
AwrfInYNs hyT bwhroN Awaux vwly swry pMjwbIAW ƒ
ihrwsq ivc lY ky is`Dw pMjwb ilAWdw jWdw sI[ luiDAwxy ivc v`fw ieMtYrogySn
sYNtr bxwieAw igAw sI[ hr muswi&r dI au~Qy pUrI ieMtYrogySn kIqI jWdI sI[
ies qrHW muswi&rW iv`coN keIAW ƒ kYd kIqw jWdw sI qy keI horW nUM aunHW dy
ipMfW ivc nzrbMd kr id`qw jWdw sI[ aus vyly dI sI.AweI.fI. dI ^u&IAw irport
muqwbk 370 jylWH ’c su`ty gey qy 2212 ƒ ipMfW ivc bµd kIqw igAw (AweIsmONgr
AYNf slYtrI, AYn AkwaUNt Aw& Zdr kWspIrysI)[ jylHW ivc Byjy jwx vwilAW ivc
fw: Twkr isMG iekolwhw (KMnw), krqwr isMG ltwlw, hrnwm isMG, jgq isMG cu`Gw qy
bIbI gulwb kOr vZYrw sn[ ienHW s^qIAW dy bwvjUd kw&I ZdrI vrkr bc ky inkl
gey qy rUpoS ho gey[ aunHW ny 15 nvµbr 1914 ƒ Zdr dI skIm bxweI[ pr Asly dI
muSkl kr ky ies nUM mulqvI krnw pY igAw[ bwAd ivc ieh qwrIK 21 &rvrI 1915
im`QI geI[ &OjW ivc hrnwm isMG, gurmuK isMG llqoN, aUDm isMG ksyl, ipAwrw
isMG lMgyrI ny keI pltxW, Kws kr ky 23vIN kvYlrI, 25 vIN pMjwbI, 128 pwienrz,
9vIN BUpwl, 12vIN kvYlrI vgYrw ivc jw ky is`K &OjIAW ƒ iqAwr kr ilAw[ plwinMg
muqwbk is`K &OjIAW ny gory A&srW ƒ kql kr ky, Asly ’qy kbzw kr ky,
AYkSn SurU krnw sI[ Zdr ƒ swry pwsy (lwhOr, i&rozpur, rwvlipMfI &OjI
CwauxIAW ivc) iek`Tw hI SurU kIqw jwxw sI[ ies dw cwrj bwbw ivswKw isMG ddyhr
kol sI[ mwJy vwilAW ny 20 &rvrI ƒ lopoky dw Qwxw lu`t ky 21 ƒ lwhOr pu`jxw
sI[ mwlvy iv`coN BweI rxDIr isMG (mgroN muKI AKMf kIrqnI jQw), krqwr isMG srwBw
qy s`jx isMG nwrµgvwl ny AgvweI krnI sI[
auDr srkwr ƒ ZdrI kwrvweIAW dI pUrI sUh iml rhI
sI[ aunHW ny ikrpwl isMG brwV nW dw sI. AweI. fI. dw bµdw Zdr pwrtI ivc vwV
id`qw sI qy Boly gdrIAW ny aus ƒ sYNtrl kmytI ivc vI Swiml kr ilAw sI[ kmwl dI
g`l qW ieh hY ik auh Ajy isr& 9 idn pihlW hI pwrtI ivc Swiml hoieAw sI[ ^Yr
CyqI hI aus bwry kuJ vrkrW ƒ sUh iml geI[ ies kr ky Zdr dI qwrIK do idn AgwaUN
kr leI geI[ aus ƒ ies qwrIK dw vI pqw l`g igAw[ ies kr ky aus dI mu^brI nwl, 19
PrvrI 1915 ƒ Swm dy swFy cwr vjy (Zdr SurU hox qoN kuJ GMty pihlW hI), pwrtI dy
hY~fkuAwtr qy Cwpw mwr ky bhuq swry AwgU igR&qwr kr ley gey[ ies nwl Zdr
ienklwb SurU hox qoN pihlW hI ^qm ho igAw[ BwvyN mgroN keI in`ky-moty AYkSn
huµdy rhy pr v`fy AYkSn dI AxhoNd ivc im`iQAw ienklwb nw ilAWdw jw sikAw[
muk`dmy qy szwvW
Zdr lihr dw v`fw AYkSn nwkwmXwb hox mgroN
igR&qwr kIqy gey ZdrIAW au~pr cwr muk`dmy clwey gey[ ienHW ƒ ‘lwhOr
kWspIrysI kys’ dy nW nwl Xwd kIqw jWdw hY[ pihlw muk`dmw 26 AprYl 1915 ƒ SurU
hoieAw qy 13 sqµbr 1915 ƒ pMifq iSv nrwiex qy do AMgryz kimSnrW ny &Yslw
suxw ky 82 ‘mulzmW’ (ZdrIAW) ivcoN krqwr isMG (srwBw, izlHw luiDAwxw), jgq isMG
(surisMG, izlHw lwhOr, hux izlHw AMimRqsr), hrnwm isMG B`tI gorwieAw,
isAwlkot), b^SIS isMG (iglvwlI, izlHw AMimRqsr), surYx isMG puqr bUV isMG (iglvwlI), surYx isMG puqr eISr isMG (iglvwlI) qy ivSnU gxyS ipMgly qy 17 horW ƒ
&WsI (mgroN 17 dI &WsI aumr kYd ivc bdl geI); ies qoN ielwvw 23 ƒ aumr
kYd qy 6 ƒ G`t szwvW suxweIAW[ Gt szwvW vwilAW ivc sohx isMG Bknw, inDwn isMG
c`uGw, juAwlw isMG T`TIAW, ivswKw isMG ddyhr, ipAwrw isMG lMgyrI, aUDm isMG
ksyl, hrnwm isMG tuMfw/tuMfIlwt (hirAwxw, huiSAwrpur) vI sn[
dUjw muk`dmw 29 AkqUbr 1915 ƒ SurU hoieAw[ ies
ivc au~pr vwlI Adwlq ny hI 30 mwrc 1916 ƒ a~uqm isMG (hWs, luiDAwxw), eISr isMG
(Fu`fIky, mogw), rUV isMG (qlvµfI dusWJ, &Irozpur), rµgw isMG (Kurdpur,
jlMDr), bIr isMG (bwhovwl, huiSAwrpur) ƒ &WsI, 64 ƒ aumr kYd qy 8 ƒ G`t
szwvW suxweIAW[ ies ivc BweI rxDIr isMG (nwrµgvwl, luiDAwxw), hrnwm isMG (kwlw
sMGw, kpUrQlw), ieMdr isMG (SY^ dOlq, luiDAwxw) vI Swml sn[
qIjw muk`dmw (sYkMf splImYNtrI kys) rwey bhwdr
gopwl dws BµfwrI qy do gory j`jW dI Adwlq ivc 8 nvµbr 1916 ƒ SurU hoieAw[ ies
dw &Yslw 5 jnvrI 1917 ivc hoieAw[ ies kys ivc blvµq isMG swbkw gRµQI
vYnkUvr gurduAwrw (Kurdpur, jlMDr), rUV isMG (sMGvwl, jlMDr), h&Iz Abdu`lw,
nHwmw, bwbU rwm ƒ &WsI, 7 ƒ (sxy krqwr isMG nvW cMd) aumr kYd qy pMj brI
hoey[ cOQy muk`dmy (Qrf splImYNtrI kys) ivc, 2 mwrc 117 nUM, mQrw isMG
(FuifAwl, ijhlm) nUM &WsI id`qI geI[ pMjvyN muk`dmy (&orQ splImYNtrI
kys) ivc, 26 meI 1917 nUM, jvMd isMG (nMgl klW, huiSAwrpur) nUM &WsI id`qI
geI[
ienHW pMj v`fy muk`dimAW qoN ielwvw p`DrI kql kys
ivc pRym isMG (surisMG, izlHw lwhOr, hux AMimRqsr) qy ieMdr isMG (p~DrI klW,
AMimRqsr) nUM &WsI id`qI geI[ AMimRqsr v`lw pul kql kys ivc kwlw isMG
(jgqpur, AMimRqsr)), cMnx isMG (bUr cMd, lwhOr), hrnwm isMG (T`TI Kwrw,
AMimRqsr), Awqmw isMG (T`TI Kwrw, AMimRqsr) qy bMqw isMG (sMGvwl, jlMDr) nUM
&WsI id`qI geI[ jgqpur kql kys ivc kwlw isMG (jgqpur, AMimRqsr) qy cMnx
isMG (bUV cMd, lwhOr) nUM &WsI id`qI geI[ nMgl klW kql kys ivc bMqw isMG
(sMGvwl, jlMDr) qy bUtw isMG (AklwgVH Kurd, luiDAwxw nUM &WsI id`qI geI[
brmw kys ivc 7 julweI 1716 nUM hrnwm isMG (swhrI, huiSAwrpur) qy 5 horW nUM
&WsI id`qI geI[ &OjIAW iv`ˆcoN 12 is`K fgSeI CwauxI ivc golI nwl aufwey
gey[
ies qoN ielwvw hor keI vKry-vKry kysW Aqy AmrIkw
(swn&rWissko Aqy iSkwgo) ivc vI muk`dimAW ivc szwvW hoeIAW[ iek irport
muqwbk ku`l 101 jxy PWsI l`gy jW golIAW nwl aufwey gey, 316 ƒ lMbIAW kYdW
hoeIAW qy 42 brI hoey[ bhuq swry kYdI jylHW ivc qsIihAW nwl vI mr gey[ keIAW ny
ihrwsq ’coN jW jylHW ivcoN dOVn dIAW koiSSW vI kIqIAW[ iehnW iv`ˆcoN vI keI
mwry gey qy jW muV igR&qwr ho gey[ kuJ ZdrI qW kw&I dyr q`k &rwr
rhy[
Zdr PylH hox dI vjh
Zdr lihr dy PylH hox dIAW vjh sn: cµgI lIfriSp nw
hoxw, kwrvweIAW dw ^u&IAw nw r`iKAw jw skxw, jQybµdk sUJbUJ dI Gwt, sUhIAW
dw dwKlw, sI. AweI. fI. dI cusqI, Awps ’c myl-jol qy rwbqy dI Gwt, srkwr v`loN
s^qIAW vgYrw[ sI.AweI.fI. dy cI& AweIsmONgr Aqy slYtrI vI AwpxI 1918 dI
irport ivc iehI nqIjy hI k`Fdy hn[
Bwrq
srkwr dy hom ifpwrtmYNt muqwibk 1934 ivc Ajy vI 700 qoN vD srgrm ZdrI izMdw sn
qy aunHW ivcoN keI bhuq AYkitv sn (d Zdr fwierYktrI 1934, gvrnmYNt Aw&
ieMfIAw, ies dw rIpirMt pMjwbI XUnIvristI pitAwlw ny 1997 ivc CwipAw sI)[
Zdr lihr isr& is`K ienklwb hI
sI
Zdr pwrtI isr& qy isr& is`K lihr hI sI[
ies ivc 95 &IsdI qoN v`D is`K sn[ ies dIAW kwrvweIAW dy sYNtr isr&
gurduAwry sn[ ies dy AYkSn qkrIbn swry hI pMjwb ivc hoey sn[ iek do muslmwn vI
jzbwqI ho ky ies ienklwb nwl juVy sn[ Zdr pwrtI ivc vVI swrI ihMdU lIfriSp
(ivSƒ gxyS ipMgly ƒ C`f ky) buzidl, lwlcI qy ^udgrz sI[ ienHW iv`coN bhuqy, sxy
lwlw hridAwl (ijs ny mgroN AMgryzI srkwr qoN muAw&I vI mMg leI sI),
prmwnMd, rwmcµd vZYrw, bwAd ’c jW qW srkwr nwl iml gey qy jW sOKI izMdZI
ibqwauNdy rhy[
kimaUinst lyKk gurcrn isMG sihMsrw muqwbk AMgryz
vI ies ƒ isr& qy isr& is`K lihr hI mMndy sn[ AMgryzW ny kysW vwly is`KW
ƒ nzrbµd kIqw qy ihMdU qy musilm C`f id`qy[ ies kr ky jgq rwm, prmwnMd, ipRQI
ishM Aqy hor bhuq swry bc gey sn (gurcrn isMG sihMsrw, Zdr pwrtI dw ieiqhws,
s&w 176)
AMgryz srkwr dIAw ^u&IAw irportW muqwibk “Zdr
&ylH hox mgroN vI, ies lihr ƒ, bwhrly mulkW ivc gey is`KW ny izMdw r`iKAw[
ienHW iv`coN keI qW mgroN mwsko qoN vI tryinMg lY ky Awey sn[ qkrIbn swry hI
bwZI iKAwlW nwl Bry hoey sn[ ieh is`K ‘dihSqpsµd’ pMjwb ivc brqwnvI hkUmq ƒ
n&rq krdy hn Aqy ies dy pMjwb ivc Kwqmy vwsqy jUJ rhy hn[” (hom pulItIkl,
&weIl nMbr 134/[[/1923)[
mgroN jo vrkr kYdW k`t ky irhwA hoey auh qkrIbn
swry hI is`K lIg, AkwlI lihr, SRomxI AkwlI dl qy bbr AkwlI lihr ivc Swiml ho
gey[ ienHW iv`ˆcoN muK sn: Zdr pwrtI dy fw: Twkr isMG iekolwhw, ivswKw isMG ddyhr, BweI rxDIr isMG, BweI
ipAwrw isMG lMgyrI, ipAwrw isMG knyfIAn qy keI hor Aqy kwmwgwtw mwrU dy gurid`q isMG, rwey isMG (dljIq isMG) kwauxI[
fw: Twkr isMG iekolwhw SRomxI AkwlI dl dy mIq pRDwn qy jnrl sYktrI (1926-27),
bwbw gurid`q isMG qy BweI ipAwrw isMG lMgyrI dovyN AkwlI dl dy pRDwn rhy sn qy
bwbw ivswKw isMG 1936 dIAW SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI dIAW coxW ivc
pwrlImYNtrI borf dy cyArmYn sn[ auh qW kuJ icr vwsqy Akwl q^q swihb dy muK
syvwdwr vI rhy sn[ ieM\ hI BweI krm isMG iJMgV, BweI krm isMG dOlqpur qy hor
bhuq swry bbr AkwlI lihr ivc Swiml hoey sn[ AMgryz srkwr dI ^u&IAw irport
muqwibk ‘bbr AkwlI lihr’ 1915 dI Zdr ienklwbI lihr dI nv-surjIqI sI[ bbrW ivcoN
bhuqy ivdySW ivcoN muVy hoey is`K sn qy aunHW ny ZdrIAW vWg 32 bor dy irvwlvr
qy mwaUzr iesqymwl kIqy sn[
kYdI pirvwr shwiek kmytI
Zdr pwrtI dy kYdIAW dy pirvwrW dI mdd vwsqy iek
“kYdI pirvwr shwiek kmytI” 21 nvµbr 1924 ƒ bxweI geI sI[ ies kmytI ƒ, pihlI
&rvrI 1925 ƒ, iek hor sWJI kmytI ivc bdl id`qw igAw[ ies nvIN kmytI dy 21
mYNbr sn[ iehnW ivcoN 13 ZdrI, cwr is`K lIg dy Aqy cwr koAwpt kIqy mYNbr sn[
(is`K lIg audoN AkwlI dl dw iek rUp hI sI)[ ies kYdI pirvwr shwiek kmytI dy
pihly pRDwn ivswKw isMG ddyhr, jnrl sYktrI hrcµd isMG lwielpurI qy jwieMt
sYktrI fw: Twkr isMG iekolwhw sn (AkwlI qy pRdysI, 3 &rvrI 1925)[ SRomxI
AkwlI dl qy SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI bwry AMgryz srkwr dI ^u&IAw
irport (vI. fblXU. simQ dI 22 &rvrI 1922 dI irport) muqwibk AkwlI lihr ivc
vI ZdrIAW ny bVw v`fw ih`sw pwieAw sI[ smu`cy qOr qy Zdr lihr is`K ienklwb sI[
(kuJ lyKkW ny ies nUM BwrqI AwzwdI dI lihr bxwaux dI bQyrI nwkwm koiSS kIqI
hY)[
Zdr
pwrtI dI ZYr-pMjwbI lIfriSp dw lyKw joKw
Zdr lihr Bwrq
nhIN blik isr& pMjwb dI AwzwdI dI lihr sI qy aus dw ipCokV is`K rwj nUM muV
ilAwauxw sI; aunHW dy idmwZ jW idl ivc Bwrq dw koeI isDWq nhIN sI[[ AmrIkw ivc
vI Zdr pwrtI nwl sbMDq bhuqy (swry nhIN) ZYr-pMjwbI Aqy ZYr-is`K AwgU jW qW AMgryzW dy eyjMt sn qy jW
i&rkU AwrIAw smwjI sn:
lwlw
hridAwl
lwlw hridAwl
mwQur iek mUlvwdI bRwhmx prvwr ivcoN sI[ auh 17 swl dI aumr ivc mUlvwdI ihMdU
jmwq ‘Bwrq mwqw soswietI’ Aqy iPr AwrIAw smwj dw mYNbr bx igAw[ aus ny sMsikRq
ivc AYm.ey. pws kIqI[ ies dOrwn aus dw rwbqw brqwnvI srkwr nwl hoieAw Aqy 1905
ivc srkwr ny aus nUM vzI&w dy ky Awks&orf XUnIvristI ivc Byj id`qw[ pr
auQy jw ky vI auh AwrIAw smwj dw hI kMm krn lg ipAw ijs kr ky srkwr ny aus dw
vzI&w bMd kr id`qw qy aus nUM vwips Awauxw pY igAw[ hux AwrIAw smwjI AwgU
lwlw lwjpq rwey ny &rWs Byj id`qw
ij`Qy auh AwrIAw smwj dy A^bwr ‘vMdy mwqrm’ vwsqy kMm krdw irhw[ pr AwrIAw smwj
qoN aus nUM kw&I mdd nhIN imldI sI ies kr ky auh hor kMm l`Bx lg ipAw[ ies
dOrwn AwrIAw smwj ny pMfq prmw nMd (mgroN auh ihMdU mhW sBw dw pRDwn vI bixAw)
nUM aus vl ByijAw[ prmw nMd ny aus nUM iPr mnw ilAw Aqy AwrIAw mswj dy pRcwr
vwsqy AmrIkw Byj id`qw[ lwlw hridAwl ny AmrIkw dy v`K v`K SihrW ivc, v`K v`K
jQybMdIAW ivc Swiml ho ky AwrIAw smwj dw pRcwr kIqw[ dsMbr 1912 ivc aus ny
XugWqr AwSrm dI nINh r`KI[ ies dw inSwnw AwrIAw Drm dw pRcwr krnw sI[
ienHIN idnI hI
aus ny vyiKAw ik AmrIkw ivc is`K bhuq sOKy hn Aqy aunHW kol kw&I srmwieAw
vI hY[ 1912 ivc ie`QoN dy is`KW ny pMjwb dy is`KW ny ividAw dy nwl-nwl AwzwdI
qy ZulwmI dw &rk idKwaux vwsqy iek pRwjYkt soicAw[ aunHW ny BweI jvwlw isMG
T`TIAW, BweI sµqoK isMG, bwbw ivswKw isMG vZYrw dI AgvweI hyT 15 &rvrI 1912
dy idn stwktn ivc mIitMg kIqI qy ies jdojihd dy ih`sy vloN pMjwb ’coN ku`J
nOjvwnW ƒ AmrIkw ivc pVHweI krn vwsqy iqAwr krn leI Cy vzIPy jwrI krn leI
&µf iek`Tw kIqw[ ies &µf ivc isrP is`KW ny hI ih`sw pwieAw Aqy kYnyfw
qy AmrIkw ivc bYTy AmIr ihMdUAW ny kwxI kOfI q`k vI dyxoN nWh kr id`qI[ auDr
hridAwl qy hor ihMdUAW ny ip`Cy AwrIAw smwjIAW nwl rwbqw kwiem kr ky ienHW
vzIi&AW vwsqy ihMdUAW koloN dr^wsqW idvwaux vwsqy AYkSn krn vwsqy ikhw[ ies
kr ky vzIiPAW vwsqy ijMnHW dIAW vI dr^wsqW pu`jIAW auh swry dy swry ihMdU hI
sn[
ies dy nwl hI
hridAwl ny mihsUs kIqw ik is`KW ivc mulk (pMjwb) dI AwzwdI dI lihr auT rhI hY[
auDr knyfw ivc goirAW v`loN ivqkry nwl vI is`K j`dojihd ivcoN lMG rhy sn[ies
swry mwhOl dw &wiedw auTwaux vwsqy hridAwl vrigAW ny ies qihrIk dI
“hweIjYikMg” krn dI swizS GVI[ auh ies lihr ivc Swiml ho igAw[ Aqy ikauN ik ies
lihr nwl sbMDq swry AwgU mzdUr qy ikswn sn, Aqy auh bhuq vD piVHAw iliKAw S^s
sI ies kr ky aus ny swirAW nUM Asr-AMdwz kr ky swrI kmWf Awpxy h`QW ivc lY leI[
Boly pMjwbIAW nUM pqw vI nw l`gw ik aunHW dI lihr ivc ihMdU mUlvwdI AwrIAw smwj
dw pRcwr ho irhw hY[ hridAwl dw sB qoN pihlW kMm sI ies lihr dw Zlq nW r`Kxw[
Zdr dw mwAnw hY ZdwrI krnw, nw ik AwzwdI dI lihr jW ienklwb (1857 ivc vI
AMgryzW dI rwKI hyTly rjvwiVAW ny AMgryzW nwl kIqy AihdnwimAW dy i^lw&
ZdwrI kIqI sI; ies kr ky aus nUM Zdr nW id`qw igAw sI)[
lwlw hridAwl ny
ies lihr ivc swrw kuJ AwrIAw smwjI Brn dI soc hyT ies dw qrwnw ‘vMdy mwqrm...’
cuixAw jo ik kwlpink ihMdU dyvI dI ArwDnw dw gIq hY[ iPr aus ny JMfy ivc vI
ihMdU dyvI dw inSwn r`iKAw[ aus ny jmwq dw pihlw nW ies nUM ihMdU rUp dyx vwsqy
‘ihMdUsqwnI AYsosIeySn’ r`iKAw sI[
Zdr pwrtI dy
AwgUAW dIAW ilKqW ivc ihMdUsqwn mulk dw nwArw isr& hridAwl vrgy AwrIAw
smwjIAW dI SmUlIAq kr ky sI[ Ajy Bwrq iek mulk vwlw nukqw kwiem hI nhIN hoieAw
sI[ aus vyly qk qW ihMdUsqwn XU.pI., m`D pRdyS nUM hI kihMdy sn[ isr& 50-60
swl pihlW qW ihMdUsqwnIAW dy nwl rl ky AMgryzW ny pMjwb dys 'qy kbzw kIqw sI[ iPr
Zdr pwrtI AwgUAW/vrkrW dIAW ilKqW ivc iksy AKOqI BwrqI hIro (nw rwxI JWsI, nw
qWqIAw topy, nw iksy hor) dw izkr nhIN sI; auh iksy ZYr pMjwbI hIro bwry kuJ vI
jwxdy qk nhIN sn qy ies kr ky aunHW dy mn ivc AKOqI BwrqI ivrsy jW qvwrI^ dI
g`l Aw hI nhIN skdI sI[ auh isr& bMdw isMG bhwdr, su`Kw isMG-mihqwb isMG,
BweI mnI isMG, hrI isMG nlvw, AkwlI &Ulw isMG dI g`l krdy sn[ auh is`K
hIroz vW| qn, mn-mn-Dn nwl kurbwnI krn dI g`l krdy sn - qy- ieh isDWq ihMdUsqwn
ivc ikqy mOjUd nhIN sI[
AmrIkw dy sohx
isMG Bknw, hrnwm isMG kwlw sµGw, hrnwm isMG tuµfIlwt, krqwr isMG ltwlw, inDwn
isMG cu`Gw, jvwlw isMG T`TIAW, ivswKw isMG ddyhr, gurmuK isMG llqoN, aUDm isMG
ksyl, ipAwrw isMG lMgyrI , sµqoK isMG vZYrw; iSMGweI dy suµdr isMG, fw: mQrw
isMG, ivswKw isMG ddyhr qy s`jx isMG; hWgkWg dy fw: Twkr isMG iekolwhw, igAwnI
Bgvwn isMG, BweI hrnwm isMG qy BweI ibSn isMG ivcoN iek-A`D nUM C`f ky koeI vI
AKOqI BwrqI (nYSnilst), kimaUinst jW smwjvwdI soc vwlw nhIN sI[
lwlw hridAwl
iek buzidl bMdw vI sI[ jd AmrIkn srkwr ny vyiKAw ik ieh AjIb iksm dIAW swzSW kr
irhw hY qW aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw[ ikauN ik auh qW ies qy kbzw krn dI
soc nwl ies lihr ivc Swiml hoieAw sI nw ik jylH jwx vwsqy;ies kr ky zmwnq ‘qy
irhw hox mgroN ieh AmrIkw C`f ky jrmn B`j igAw[ ies qoN mgroN ies ny Zdr lihr
v`l ip`Cy muV ky vI nw vyiKAw Aqy iek gory vWg XUrp ivc izMdgI ibqwaux lg ipAw[
hwlW ik auh ies dorwn, jrmn, sivtzrlYNf, svIfn, ieMglYNf qy AmrIkw vI igAw pr
aus ny ikqy vI ienklwb jW smwjvwd dI zrw mwsw vI g`l nw CyVI[ (iek hor ivcwr
muqwibk auh srkwr nwl iml ky eyjMt bx cukw sI Aqy auh Zdr lihr dw swrw kuJ
A^bwrW ivc SryAwm AYlwnW vjoN Cwp ky swrI jwxkwrI srkwr nUM idAw krdw sI)[
AmrIUkw ivcoN
jwx mgroN lwlw hridAwl BwvyN iek gory vW| p`CmI izMdgI ijaUNdw irhw pr aus dy
mn dy AMdr dw AwrIAw smwjI qy i&rkU bRwhmx hmySw aus dIAW ilKqW ivc kwiem
irhw[
prmw
nMd
Zdr lihr nwl
sbMDq ihMdUAW ivc dUjw Aihm nW prmw nMd
dw hY[ ijvyN pihlW izkr AwieAw hY, auh iek AwrIAw smwjI AwgU sI[ auh
1915 qk AmrIkw ivc irhw Aqy lwl hridAwl vWg lihr ‘qy kbzw krI r`iKAw[ ies mgroN
auh Awpxy vqn muV AwieAw[ pr ieQy aus nUM igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw Aqy aus ny 5
swl jylH k`tI qy 1920 ivc aus nUM Awm muAw&I ivc irhw kr id`qw igAw[ ies
swry dOrwn aus dw swrw jIvn is`KW dy i^lw& ilKx ivc hI bIiqAw[ aus ny vIr
hkIkq isMG nUM ihMdU swibq krn dI koiSS ivc hkIkq rwey ilK ky prcwr kIqw[ iPr
bwbw bMdw isMG nUM ‘bYrwgI’ bxwaux dI koiSS ivc aus ny ‘bMdw bYrwgI’ ikqwb
ilKI[ ies dy jvwb ivc krm isMG ihstorIAn ny ‘bMdw kOx Qw’ ikqwb ilK ky prmw nMd
dI swzs nUM nMgw kIqw[ prmw nMd dsMbr 1947 ivc mirAw pr auh swrI aumr is`KW dy
i^lw& Aqy awrIAw smwj dy h`k ivc prcwr rkdw irhw[ aus dIAW syvwvW nUM muK
rK ky jnsMG (hux Bwjpw) ny aus dy pu`qr fw: BweI mhWvIr nUM m`D pRdyS dw gvrnr
(1998-2003) bxwieAw[
prmw
nMd v`loN BweI mqI dws dI kul ivcoN hox dw JUT
prmw nMd ny
is`KW nUM byvkU& bxwaux dI koiSS vI kIqI[ auh Awpxy Awp nUM BweI mqI dw dI
kul ivcoN dsdw irhw ijhVw ik JUT hY[ prmw nMd drAsl ausy zwq ivcoN sI ijs ivcoN
BweI mqI sn[ ieh prmw nMd mohIAwl bRwhmxW dI kul ivcoN hY; ieh auh lok ny jo
pihlW qW guru swihb qoN KWdy rhy pr jd bMdw isMG bhwdr dI ShIdI mgroN is`KW ‘qy
zulm SurU hoieAw qW ieh is`KI nUM C`f ky ihMdU bx gey qy auh vI is`KW dy i^lw&
hr lihr ivc Swiml rhy[
BweI mqI dws
kOx sn: Awp BweI hIrw nMd dy
spu`qr, BweI dvwrkw dws dy poqy qy ShId BweI prwg dws (prwgw) dy pVpoqy sn[
BweI mqI dws dw iek pu`qr swihb isMG 8 AkqUbr 1700 dy idn inrmohgVH ivc ShId
hoieAw sI qy dUjw mukMd isMG cmkOr ivc 7 dsMbr 1705 dy idn[ ies dw pu`qr crn
isMG sI jo swDU bx igAw qy BdOV ivc ies ny fyrw bxw ilAw[ ies ny ivAwh nhIN
krvwieAw[ ieM\ BweI mqI dws dI kul ie`Qy hI ^qm ho geI[ ies ^wndwn ivc prmw nMd
dw koeI v`fw-vfyrw nzr nhIN AwauNdw[
pMfq prmw
nMd dw Asl kursInwmw ieM\ hY:
prmw nMd pu`qr qwrw cMd pu`qr AmIr cMd pu`qr myhrw pu`qr rwjU pu`qr jY Bwn isMG pu`qr rwie isMG
pu`qr jMqI dws pu`qr kbUlw pu`qr dvwrkw dws[ ienHW ivc BweI mqI dws ik`Qy hY?
prmw nMd dw
pUrw kursInwmw ieM\ hY: {BweI rwie isMG
dy iqMn byty sn : BweI hirjs isMG, BweI Drmjs isMG qy BweI jYBwn isMG[ ienHW
ivcoN ivckwrly, BweI Drmjs isMG dI A`goN AOlwd clI sI[ auh iek muZlW dy zulm
qoN fr ky Aqy dUjw bRwhmxI-pujwrI ik`qw jwrI r`Kx kr ky is`K Drm C`f ky ihMdU
bx gey[ BweI Drmjs isMG dw pu`qr rwm ikSn isMG qoN rwm ikSn bx igAw[ ieM\ hI
BweI rwie isMG dy qIjy qy sB qoN Coty pu`qr BweI jYBwn isMG dy b`cy vI is`K Drm
C`f gy Aqy ihMdU bx gey[ BweI jYBwn isMG dy pMj pu`qr sn: rwjU, rwm idAwl, hir
idAwl, auqm cMd Aqy mMgl sYn[ ienHW ivcoN rwjU dw pu`qr myhr sI[ myhry dy A`goN
s`q pu`qr sn[ ienHW ivcoN qIjy QW ’qy AmIr cMd sI ies dy A`goN iqMn pu`qr sn[
ienHW ivcoN sB qoN Cotw qwrw cMd sI[ qwrw cMd dy A`goN do pu`qr sn : prmw nMd
Aqy bwl mukMd[ BweI prmw nMd dy Brw bwl mukMd dy iqMnW ivcoN sB qoN Coty byty BweI
kuMdn lwl dw[ BweI kuMdn lwl dy cwr byty sn[ ieh cwry isMG sjy sn[ ieh sn :
BweI prmjIq isMG, BweI AmrjIq isMG, BweI BwrqdIp isMG qy BweI ASok isMG [ ieh
swry mDUbn (nyVy krnwl), hirAwxw ivc rihMdy rhy hn[}.
so prmw nMd mqI
dws dI kul ivcoN nhIN blik rwie isMG d`q dI kul ivcoN sI[
lwlw
lwjpq rwey
lwlw lwjpq rwey
AwrIAw swmj dw qIjw AwgU sI jo is`KW ivc Swiml hoieAw[ (ieh Agrvwl bwnIAW
brwdrI ivcoN sI[ ieh pihlW is`K srUp ivc sI; kys qy dwVHI swibq r`Ky hoey sn pr
1907 ivc j dies nUM brmw jlwvqn kiqw igAw qW ies ny kys ktw ley qy k`t
Vi&rkU ihMdU bx igAw qy is`KW duyi^lw& prcwr krn lg ipAw[ ies dI mW
gulwb dyvI nUM ies dI ies hrkq dw bhuq sdmw l`gw qy auh bImwr pY geI qy A^Ir
ieM\ hI auh dunIAW qoN tur geI)[ jd bhuqy ZdrI AwgU igR&qwr ho gey qt jylHW
ivc su`ty gey qW lwlw lwjpq rwey ny ienHW kydIAW dy prvwrW dI mdd vwsqy knyfw
qy AmrIkw dy is`KW qoN 70 hzwr rupY (jo audoN bhuq v`fI rkm sI) iek`T kIqy Aqy
auh swrI rkm aus ny AwrIAw mswj dy is`K ivroDI prcwr vwsqy KrcI[ Xwin is`KW
dIAW ju`qIAW is`KW dy hI isr[
swvrkr
is`KW ivc vV ky
aunHW nUM vrqx dI koiSS krn vwlw iek hor i&rkU ihMdU swvrkr sI[ auh is`KW
hI nhIN pMjwbIAW nwl vI Kwr kWdw sI[ jUn 1909 ivc gxyS vIr swvrkr ny lµfn ivc
ieµjnIAirµg dw kors mukw ky pµjwb prqx vwly iek nOjvwn mdn lwl FINgrw ƒ BVkw ky
AµgryzW qoN bdlw lYx vwsqy iqAwr kIqw[ FINgrw ny ieµfIAw Awi&s dy sInIAr
A&sr sr ivlIAm krzn vwihlI ƒ pihlI julweI 1909 dy idn golI mwr ky mwr idqw
(qy ies doS ivc aus ƒ &WsI dI szw idqI geI)[ swvrkr nUM vI 1910 ivc kYd
kIqw igAw sI[ pr aus koloN kYd nw k`tI geI qy aus ny 1921 ivc ilKqI muAw&I
mMg ky irhweI lY leI (kmwl hY ik aus dy cyly aud nUM iPr vI “vIr” svwrkr ilKdy
hn)[ ies mgroN aus ny AMgryzW nwl pUrI v&wdwrI inBweI Aqy 1942 ivc ‘AMgryzo
Bwrq C`fo’ lihr dI zordwr mu^wl&q kIqI[ ies mgroN aus ny swrI izMdgI
isr& ihMdUqv dw pRcwr kIqw[auh ihMdU mhW sBw dw pRDwn vI bixAw[
knyfw
dI qsvIr
knyfw ivc vI ivqkirAW
Aqy muSiklW dw swhmxw isr& is`KW nUM krnw ipAw, jd ik ihMdU jW qW srkwr dy
twaUt sn jW is`KW dy duSmx qy jW iPr srkwr nwl hr g`l ivc imlvrqx krn vwly[
Zdwr bylw isMG ijAwx dy muK swQI qkrIbn swry hI ihMdU
sn[ aus v`loN 5 AkqUbr 19194 dy idn gurduAwry ivc kIqy, BweI Bwg isMG Aqy BweI
bqn isMG, dy kqlW sbMDI muk`dmy ivc swry ihMdU aus dy h`k ivc Bugqy sn; imswl
vjoN bylw isMG dy h`k ivc mukwmI ihMdUAW Twkr, bwbU, syvw, Amr, n`Qw, gMgU rwm
qy fw: rGU nwQ (kwmwgwtw jhwz ivc AMgryzW vwsqy sI.AweI.fI. krn vwlw) vZYrw[
ieM\ hI vYnkUvr ivc iek
hor ihMdU rwm cMd (jo ik gory hwkmW dw twaUt
sI Aqy is`KW dy i^lw& irportW pulIs kol phuMcwieAw krdw sI) nUM rwm isMG nW
dy iek is`K ny 23 AprYl 1915 dy idn Adwlq
ivc golI mwr ky mwr id`qw [ mgroN rwm isMG nUM vI golI mwr ky mwr id`qw igAw[
Xwin knyfw dy qkrIbn swry srgrm ihMdU is`KW dy
duSmx qy srkwr dy twaUt sn[ ieM\ hI 21 AkqUbr 1914 dy idn jd myvw isMG lopoky ny
hwpiknsn nUM kql kIqw qW 25 qwrI^ nUM ihMdUAW ny aus nwl hmdrdI dw mqw pws kIqw
(vYnkUvr sn, 26.101914)[
ieh sI Asl ichrw knyfw ivc Zdr pwrtI nwl sbMDq ZYr is`K AwgUAW
dw[
vDyry jwxkwrI vwsqy:
is`K qvwrI^ (5 ijldW, AMgryzI ivc 10 ijldW)
